Policy

Protection of Biodiversity

Description

Average of percentage of ecologically important sites covered by protected areas across three ecosystem types: terrestrial, freshwater, and marine. For landlocked countries, marine percentage is omitted from the average.

Goalposts

(0, 100) (0, 100) (0, 100)

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.

Policy

Endangered Species Protection

Description

Measures the level of extinction risk across species within a country. Index values of 1 represent all species qualifying as having an extinction risk of “least concern,” while values of 0 represent all species having gone extinct.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 1

Policy

Sustainable Agriculture Practice

Description

An index measuring the sustainability of Nitrogen management based on Nitrogen use efficiency (in agriculture) and land use efficiency (crop yield). The Sustainable Nitrogen Management Index (SNMI) seeks to balance the efficient application of nitrogen fertilizer with maximum crop yields as a measure of the environmental performance of agricultural production. The 2022 EPI uses the SNMI as a proxy for agricultural drivers of environmental damage.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 100

Policy

Water Conservation

Description

Average of the following two metrics: 1. Change in Water Use Efficiency (WUE), 2018 compared with 2010-2015 average: WUE is the value added of a given major sector divided by the volume of water used. WUE at the national level is the sum of the efficiencies in the major economic sectors weighted according to the proportion of water withdrawn by each sector over the total withdrawals 2. Level of Water Stress: Freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawal by major economic sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after accounting environmental water requirements. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.

Goalposts

(-25,50) (0, 100)V

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.

* A "V" following a goalpost set indicates an inversion: the first number in parentheses corresponds to the Upper Goalpost (best policy), while the second corresponds to the Lower Goalpost (worst policy).

Policy

Chemical Waste Management

Description

Percent of provisions concerning Persistent Organic Pollutants from Stockholm Convention ratified and followed.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 100

Policy

Forest Management

Description

Percentage change land area coverage of naturally regenerating forests in 2018 from a 1990s average.

Goalposts

Lower: -20.0

Upper: 40.0

Policy

Carbon Sequestration

Description

Percentage change in the ratio of carbon stock in living biomass over forest land in 2018 from a 1990s average.

Goalposts

Lower: -5.0

Upper: 50.0

Policy

Renewable Energy Incentives

Description

Percentage of total final energy consumption generated from “renewable sources” (RS, collected from WorldBank; includes hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, tidal, wind, and biofuels) minus half the percentage of total final energy consumption generated from biofuel sources (BIO, collected from IEA) to penalize countries for unsustainable overreliance on biofuels. AE = RE – 0.5 *BIO.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 60

Policy

Energy Efficiency

Description

Energy intensity level of primary energy measured in megajoules per constant 2017 purchasing power parity GDP.

Goalposts

Lower: 15.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

Pollution Limitation

Description

Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted) measured in micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m3).

Goalposts

Lower: 40.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

1) Gas/petrol Tax 2) Transportation CO2

Description

This measure is an aggregation using the simple mean of the following measures: 1) Average fuel price. The pump prices of the most widely sold grade of gasoline. Prices are in USD per liter. 2) CO2 emissions from transport in tonnes per inhabitant, tonnes referring to thousands of kilograms.

Goalposts

(0, 2.5) (0, 5500)V

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.

* A "V" following a goalpost set indicates an inversion: the first number in parentheses corresponds to the Upper Goalpost (best policy), while the second corresponds to the Lower Goalpost (worst policy).

Policy

Methane Emissions

Description

The average of two measures: beef and buffalo meat produced in kilograms per person, and per capita meat (beef) consumption. UN population estimates were used.

Goalposts

(0, 120) V (0, 50) V

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.

* A "V" following a goalpost set indicates an inversion: the first number in parentheses corresponds to the Upper Goalpost (best policy), while the second corresponds to the Lower Goalpost (worst policy).

Policy

Fossil Fuel and Air Pollution

Description

Percentage of a country's total energy supply generated from coal and coal derived sources.

Goalposts

Lower: 40.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

Wasteful Consumption

Description

Annual amount of per capita Municipal Solid Waste (kg/capita/year), which is defined as residential, commercial, and institutional waste (Industrial, medical, hazardous, electronic, and construction and demolition waste are not included).

Goalposts

Lower: 50.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

Special Waste

Description

Annual amount of per capita electronic waste (kg/capita/year), which is one of special waste streams together with hazardous waste or medical waste.

Goalposts

Lower: 40.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

Circular End-of-Life Waste Treatment

Description

The quantity of material recycled in the country over total waste generated (recycling does not include controlled combustion (incineration) or land application).

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 70

Policy

Job placement policies

Description

Sum of all employed workers ages 25-54 divided by the total number of people in that age group.

Goalposts

Lower: 50.0

Upper: 95.0

Policy

Child Labor Laws and Preparation for Employment

Description

Conditional scoring based on two policies: 1) If the child labor rate is statistically nonzero, a country scores between 0.00 and 0.50 based on their level of child labor. 2) If the child labor rate in a country is statistically indistinguishable from zero, a country scores between 0.50 and 1.00 based on years of compulsory education.

Goalposts

(0, 10)V (5, 12)

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.

* A "V" following a goalpost set indicates an inversion: the first number in parentheses corresponds to the Upper Goalpost (best policy), while the second corresponds to the Lower Goalpost (worst policy).

Policy

Labor rights

Description

The proportion of workers whose terms and conditions at work are determined by collective bargaining as opposed to individual contracts.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 100

Policy

Unemployment Benefits

Description

Percentage of unemployed receiving unemployment benefits.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 100

Policy

Maternity leave

Description

Paid parental leave available to mothers (full-rate equivalent) in weeks during the first year.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 52

Policy

Health and Safety Regulation

Description

Number of fatal injuries per 100,000 workers.

Goalposts

Lower: 25.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

1) Old Age Income Poverty 2) Retirement Wellbeing

Description

Arithmetic average of the following measures: 1) Percentage of individuals over the age of 65 living in relative income poverty 2) Expected number of years in retirement

Goalposts

Lower: 15.0

Upper: 25.0

Policy

Corporate Tax

Description

Tax imposed on the net income of the company.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 40

Policy

Role of Public Sector

Description

Tax revenue as percentage of GDP.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 50

Policy

1) Corporate Tax Evasion Allowance 2) National Financial Secrecy

Description

Arithmetic average of the following measures: 1) Score of the world’s most important tax havens, rated by how aggressively and extensively each jurisdiction helps multinationals evade taxes. 2) Score based on 20 measures of financial secrecy, grouped around ownership registration, legal entity transparency, integrity of tax and financial regulation, and international standards and cooperation.

Goalposts

(0, 2400)V (0, 1500)V

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.

* A "V" following a goalpost set indicates an inversion: the first number in parentheses corresponds to the Upper Goalpost (best policy), while the second corresponds to the Lower Goalpost (worst policy).

Policy

Regulation of Nonperforming Loans

Description

The percentage of loans that are nonperforming, meaning that the borrower is default due to not making the scheduled periods.

Goalposts

Lower: 10.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

1) Domestic Credit in Private Sector 2) Financial System Deposits

Description

This measure is an aggregation using the simple mean of the following measures: 1) The financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations as a percentage of GDP. 2) Deposited money in banks and other financial institutions as a percentage of GDP.

Goalposts

(0, 190) (0, 200)

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.

Policy

Bank Account Ownership

Description

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+).

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 100

Policy

Income Inequality and Redistribution

Description

The pre-tax national income share of the bottom 50% of households divided by the pre-tax national income share of the top 10% of households.

Goalposts

Lower: 0.2

Upper: 1.25

Policy

Income Inequality and Redistribution

Description

GINI Coefficient for post-tax-and-transfer income distribution.

Goalposts

Lower: 70.0

Upper: 20.0

Policy

Accessibility of Primary Education

Description

The ratio of the number of children of official primary school age who are enrolled in primary education to the total population of children of official primary school age, expressed as a percentage.

Goalposts

Lower: 80.0

Upper: 100.0

Policy

Accessibility of Lower Secondary Education

Description

The net total of students in the lower secondary school age group who are enrolled in lower secondary or in any lower grade (primary education), as a proportion.

Goalposts

Lower: 70.0

Upper: 100.0

Policy

Investment in Teachers

Description

Average number of pupils per teacher in primary school, based on headcounts of both pupils and teachers.

Goalposts

Lower: 40.0

Upper: 9.0

Policy

Basic Healthcare

Description

The proportion of births attended by trained and/or skilled health personnel.

Goalposts

Lower: 80.0

Upper: 100.0

Policy

Preventative Health

Description

The estimated percentage of children aged 12–23 months who received three doses of the combined diphtheria, tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine time before the survey.

Goalposts

Lower: 75.0

Upper: 100.0

Policy

Investments in Healthcare

Description

Number of medical doctors (physicians), both generalists and specialists, expressed per 10,000 people.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 70

Policy

Family Planning

Description

Modeled data on unmet need for family planning is defined as the percentage of women of reproductive age, either married or in a union, who have an unmet need for family planning (any modern method).

Goalposts

Lower: 20.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

Nutrition

Description

Estimated prevalence of stunting in children under 5 (%).

Goalposts

Lower: 50.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

Electrification

Description

Arithmetic mean of two measures: 1) The percentage of the population with access to electricity 2) Executive opinion survey responses to the question: “In your country, how would you assess the reliability of the electricity supply?”

Goalposts

(0, 100) (0, 7)

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.

Policy

Sanitation Infrastructure

Description

The percentage of people using at least basic sanitation services, that is, improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households.

Goalposts

Lower: 50.0

Upper: 100.0

Policy

Water Infrastructure

Description

Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 100

Policy

Connectivity Policy

Description

Arithmetic mean of two measures: 1) Percentage of households with internet access 2) Fixed broadband download speed in Mbps.

Goalposts

(0, 100) (0,100)

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.

Policy

Transport Infrastructure

Description

The average of two measures: the natural log of rail lines per square kilometer (millions) per capita (millions) and the natural log of roadways per square kilometer per capita.

Goalposts

(0, 5) (0, 6)

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.

Policy

Judicial System

Description

Rule of Law Index measures extent to which laws are transparently, independently, predictably, impartially, equally enforced, and extent to which the actions of government officials comply with the law. Measured from low to high (0-1).

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 1

Policy

Government and Civil Service

Description

Perceptions of the quality of public services, quality of the civil service and its independence from political pressures, quality of policies and implementation, and credibility of the government's commitment to policies. Measured from -2.5 to 2.5.

Goalposts

Lower: -2.5

Upper: 2.5

Policy

Political Participation and Influence

Description

Electoral Democracy Index seeks to embody the core values that make rulers responsive to citizens through elections and freedom of expression.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 1

Policy

Basic Human Rights

Description

Proportion of 9 core UN conventions and 3 optional UN protocols that have been ratified, acquired, or succeeded.

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 10

Policy

Equality in Politics and Before the Law

Description

Weighted average of proportion of women in parliament from IPU and 3 indices from World Bank Women, Business and Law Index (WB-WBL): 1) Percentage of women in the national parliament. [Weight 0.4] 2) Mobility: Women have equal access to passports, foreign travel, domestic travel, and housing (4 Q’s, each worth 0.25 for yes, 0 for no). [Weight: 0.2] 3) Marriage: Women protected by law from domestic violence and subservience; have equal access to divorce and remarriage. (5Qs, worth 0.2 for yes, 0 for no). [Weight: 0.2] 4) Assets, Pensions: Women have equal access to credit, inheritance, pensions, and retirement. Combines two measurements made up of 7 questions.3 [Weight: 0.2]

Goalposts

(0, 0.5) (0, 1) (0, 1) (0, 1)

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.

Policy

Gun control. Police Enforcement

Description

Intentional homicides per 100,000 people.

Goalposts

Lower: 20.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

National Cybersecurity

Description

The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) is a composite index combining 25 indicators into one benchmark for the laws, institutions, and competence.5

Goalposts

Lower: 0

Upper: 1

Policy

Capability of the Security Apparatus

Description

The Security Apparatus is a component of the Fragile State Index. It considers the security threats to a state such as bombings, attacks and battle-related deaths, rebel movements, mutinies, coups, or terrorism.6

Goalposts

Lower: 10.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

Criminal Justice Policy

Description

Prison population rate per 100,000 of the national population. Population sourced from the WorldBank.

Goalposts

Lower: 540.0

Upper: 40.0

Policy

Arms Policy

Description

Arm transfers: the supply of military weapons through sales, aid, gifts, and those made through manufacturing licenses.7

Goalposts

Lower: 500.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

Defense Policy

Description

Military expenditure (local currency at current prices) is presented according to both the financial year of each country and according to the calendar year as a percentage of GDP.

Goalposts

Lower: 10.0

Upper: 0.0

Policy

Public R&D

Description

Aggregates the following: Proportion of GDP spent on government R&D, data weight of 25%. Proportion of GDP spent on higher education R&D, data weight of 25%. Number of researchers per 1 million people, data weight of 50%.

Goalposts

(0, 0.5) (0, 0.5) (0, 7500)

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.

Policy

Quality and Quantity of Foreign Aid

Description

Countries grouped as “Donors” or “Recipients” based on their reported status in the OECD CRS database. Good foreign aid excludes investments in fossil fuel extraction and energy systems, livestock, and military aid. 1) Donors: Total Good Foreign Aid as a Percentage of GDP 2) Recipients: Total Good Foreign Aid per Capita reflects the extent to which recipient countries solicit foreign aid for their population.

Goalposts

(0, 1) (0,20)

* The goalpost string above indicates the goalposts used to normalize the datasets used to compute the indicator. Normalization occurs before aggregation. The goalpost are applied in the order of mention in the description.