Percentage of important sites for terrestrial, freshwater, and marine biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type.

Measures the level of extinction risk across species within a country. Index values of 1 represent all species qualifying as having an extinction risk of “least concern,” while values of 0 represent all species having gone extinct.

Total energy supply (excluding exports) supply from “renewable sources” (RE = nuclear, hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, wind, and biofuels) minus half of total final energy supply from biofuel sources (BIO) to penalize countries for unsustainable overreliance on biofuels. AE = RE – 0.5 *BIO.

Energy intensity level of primary energy measured in megajoules per constant 2017 purchasing power parity GDP.

Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted) measured in micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m3).

The average of two measures: beef and buffalo meat produced in kilograms per person, and per capita meat (beef) consumption. UN population estimates were used.

Percentage of a country's total energy supply generated from coal and coal derived sources, computed as the ratio of coal energy to total energy supply.

CO2 emissions from transport in tonnes per inhabitant, tonnes referring to thousands of kilograms. This includes domestic aviation, domestic navigation, road, rail and pipeline transport.

Percentage change in the ratio of carbon stock in living biomass over forestland from a 1990’s average to 2018.

Compliance with three treaties

Percentage change in naturally regenerating forests from a 1990’s average to 2018.

An index measuring the sustainability of Nitrogen management based on Nitrogen use efficiency (in agriculture) and land use efficiency (crop yield). The Sustainable Nitrogen Management Index (SNMI) seeks to balance the efficient application of nitrogen fertilizer with maximum crop yields as a measure of the environmental performance of agricultural production. The 2022 EPI uses the SNMI as a proxy for agricultural drivers of environmental damage.

Average of the following two metrics: 1. Change in Water Use Efficiency (WUE), 2018 compared with 2010-2015 average: WUE is the value added of a given major sector divided by the volume of water used. WUE at the national level is the sum of the efficiencies in the major economic sectors weighted according to the proportion of water withdrawn by each sector over the total withdrawals 2. Level of Water Stress: Freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawal by major economic sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.

Annual amount of per capita Municipal Solid Waste (kg/capita/year), which is defined as residential, commercial, and institutional waste (Industrial, medical, hazardous, electronic, and construction and demolition waste are not included).

The quantity of material recycled in the country over total waste generated Recycling does not include controlled combustion, incineration, or land application.

Proportion of CO2 Emissions attributable to the Top 10% of earners.

Percentage of important sites for terrestrial, freshwater, and marine biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type.

Measures the level of extinction risk across species within a country. Index values of 1 represent all species qualifying as having an extinction risk of “least concern,” while values of 0 represent all species having gone extinct.

Total energy supply (excluding exports) supply from “renewable sources” (RE = nuclear, hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, wind, and biofuels) minus half of total final energy supply from biofuel sources (BIO) to penalize countries for unsustainable overreliance on biofuels. AE = RE – 0.5 *BIO.

Energy intensity level of primary energy measured in megajoules per constant 2017 purchasing power parity GDP.

Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted) measured in micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m3).

The average of two measures: beef and buffalo meat produced in kilograms per person, and per capita meat (beef) consumption. UN population estimates were used.

Percentage of a country's total energy supply generated from coal and coal derived sources, computed as the ratio of coal energy to total energy supply.

CO2 emissions from transport in tonnes per inhabitant, tonnes referring to thousands of kilograms. This includes domestic aviation, domestic navigation, road, rail and pipeline transport.

Percentage change in the ratio of carbon stock in living biomass over forestland from a 1990’s average to 2018.

Compliance with three treaties

Percentage change in naturally regenerating forests from a 1990’s average to 2018.

An index measuring the sustainability of Nitrogen management based on Nitrogen use efficiency (in agriculture) and land use efficiency (crop yield). The Sustainable Nitrogen Management Index (SNMI) seeks to balance the efficient application of nitrogen fertilizer with maximum crop yields as a measure of the environmental performance of agricultural production. The 2022 EPI uses the SNMI as a proxy for agricultural drivers of environmental damage.

Average of the following two metrics: 1. Change in Water Use Efficiency (WUE), 2018 compared with 2010-2015 average: WUE is the value added of a given major sector divided by the volume of water used. WUE at the national level is the sum of the efficiencies in the major economic sectors weighted according to the proportion of water withdrawn by each sector over the total withdrawals 2. Level of Water Stress: Freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawal by major economic sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.

Annual amount of per capita Municipal Solid Waste (kg/capita/year), which is defined as residential, commercial, and institutional waste (Industrial, medical, hazardous, electronic, and construction and demolition waste are not included).

The quantity of material recycled in the country over total waste generated Recycling does not include controlled combustion, incineration, or land application.

Proportion of CO2 Emissions attributable to the Top 10% of earners.

This measure is an aggregation using the simple mean of the following measures: 1) The financial resources provided to the private sector by financial\ corporations as a percentage of GDP. 2) Deposited money in banks and other financial\ institutions as a percentage of GDP.

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+).

The percentage of loans that are nonperforming, meaning that the borrower is default due to not making the scheduled periods.

GINI Coefficient for post-tax-and-transfer income distribution.

The pre-tax national income share of the bottom 50% of households divided by the pre-tax national income share of the top 10% of households.

Tax imposed on the net income of the company.

Tax Redistribution measures the percentage change in the income share ratio (a measure of the inequality of the income distribution) induced by the tax code.

Tax revenue as percentage of GDP.

The proportion of workers whose terms and conditions at work are determined by collective bargaining as opposed to individual contracts.

Sum of all employed workers ages 25-54 divided by the total number of people in that age group.

Number of fatal injuries per 100,000 workers.

Paid parental leave available to mothers (full-rate equivalent) in weeks during the first year.

Average of two measures: 1) Old Age Income Poverty 2) Retirement Wellbeing

Percentage of unemployed receiving unemployment benefits.

This measure is an aggregation using the simple mean of the following measures: 1) The financial resources provided to the private sector by financial\ corporations as a percentage of GDP. 2) Deposited money in banks and other financial\ institutions as a percentage of GDP.

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+).

The percentage of loans that are nonperforming, meaning that the borrower is default due to not making the scheduled periods.

GINI Coefficient for post-tax-and-transfer income distribution.

The pre-tax national income share of the bottom 50% of households divided by the pre-tax national income share of the top 10% of households.

Tax imposed on the net income of the company.

Tax Redistribution measures the percentage change in the income share ratio (a measure of the inequality of the income distribution) induced by the tax code.

Tax revenue as percentage of GDP.

The proportion of workers whose terms and conditions at work are determined by collective bargaining as opposed to individual contracts.

Sum of all employed workers ages 25-54 divided by the total number of people in that age group.

Number of fatal injuries per 100,000 workers.

Paid parental leave available to mothers (full-rate equivalent) in weeks during the first year.

Average of two measures: 1) Old Age Income Poverty 2) Retirement Wellbeing

Percentage of unemployed receiving unemployment benefits.

The ratio of the number of children of official secondary school age who are enrolled in secondary education to the total population of children of official secondary school age, expressed as a percentage.

Average number of pupils per teacher in primary school, based on headcounts of both pupils and teachers.

The ratio of the number of children of official primary school age who are enrolled in primary education to the total population of children of official primary school age, expressed as a percentage.

Total years of compulsory education

Arm transfers: the supply of military weapons through sales, aid, gifts, and those made through manufacturing licenses.

Countries grouped as “Donors” or “Recipients” based on their reported status in the OECD CRS database. Good foreign aid excludes investments in fossil fuel extraction and energy systems, livestock, and military aid. 1) Donors: Total Good Foreign Aid as a Percentage of GDP 2) Recipients: Total Good Foreign Aid per Capita reflects the extent to which recipient countries solicit foreign aid for their population.

Military expenditure (local currency at current prices) according to the calendar year as a percentage of GDP.

Aggregates the following: Proportion of GDP spent on government R&D, data weight of 25%. Proportion of GDP spent on higher education R&D, data weight of 25%. Number of researchers per 1 million people, data weight of 50%.

The proportion of births attended by trained and/or skilled health personnel.

Estimated prevalence of stunting in children under 5 (%).

Modeled data on unmet need for family planning is defined as the percentage of women of reproductive age, either married or in a union, who have an unmet need for family planning (any modern method).

The estimated percentage of children aged 12–23 months who received three doses of the combined diphtheria, tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine time before the survey.

Number of medical doctors (physicians), both generalists and specialists, expressed per 10,000 people.

Arithmetic mean of two measures: 1) The percentage of the population with access to electricity 2) Executive opinion survey responses to the question: “In your country, how would you assess the reliability of the electricity supply?”

The percentage of people using at least basic sanitation services, that is, improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households.

Arithmetic mean of two measures: 1) Percentage of households with internet access 2) Fixed broadband download speed in Mbps.

The average of two measures: the natural log of rail lines per square kilometer (millions) per capita (millions) and the natural log of roadways per square kilometer per capita.

Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services.

The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) is a composite index combining 25 indicators into one benchmark for the laws, institutions, and competence.5

Prison population rate per 100,000 of the national population. Population sourced from the WorldBank.

Intentional homicides per 100,000 people.

The Security Apparatus is a component of the Fragile State Index, which considers the security threats to a state such as bombings, attacks/battle-related deaths, rebel movements, mutinies, coups, or terrorism. It is an index scored between 0 and 10.

Proportion of 9 core UN conventions (ICERD, ICCPR, ICESCR, CEDAW, CAT, CRC, ICMW, CPED, & CRPD) and 3 optional UN protocols (OP-CRC-AC, OP-CRC-SC, & ICCPR-OP2) that have been ratified, acquired, or succeeded.

Electoral Democracy Index seeks to embody the core values that make rulers responsive to citizens through elections and freedom of expression.

Weighted average of proportion of women in parliament from IPU and 3 indices from World Bank Women, Business and Law Index (WB-WBL): 1) Percentage of women in the national parliament. [Weight 0.4] 2) Mobility: Women have equal access to passports, foreign travel, domestic travel, and housing (4 Q’s, each worth 0.25 for yes, 0 for no). [Weight: 0.2] 3) Marriage: Women protected by law from domestic violence and subservience; have equal access to divorce and remarriage. (5Qs, worth 0.2 for yes, 0 for no). [Weight: 0.2] 4) Assets, Pensions: Women have equal access to credit, inheritance, pensions, and retirement. Combines two measurements made up of 7 questions.3 [Weight: 0.2]

Perceptions of the quality of public services, quality of the civil service and its independence from political pressures, quality of policies and implementation, and credibility of the government's commitment to policies. Measured from -2.5 to 2.5.

Rule of Law Index measures extent to which laws are transparently, independently, predictably, impartially, equally enforced, and extent to which the actions of government officials comply with the law. Measured from low to high (0-1).

The ratio of the number of children of official secondary school age who are enrolled in secondary education to the total population of children of official secondary school age, expressed as a percentage.

Average number of pupils per teacher in primary school, based on headcounts of both pupils and teachers.

The ratio of the number of children of official primary school age who are enrolled in primary education to the total population of children of official primary school age, expressed as a percentage.

Total years of compulsory education

Arm transfers: the supply of military weapons through sales, aid, gifts, and those made through manufacturing licenses.

Countries grouped as “Donors” or “Recipients” based on their reported status in the OECD CRS database. Good foreign aid excludes investments in fossil fuel extraction and energy systems, livestock, and military aid. 1) Donors: Total Good Foreign Aid as a Percentage of GDP 2) Recipients: Total Good Foreign Aid per Capita reflects the extent to which recipient countries solicit foreign aid for their population.

Military expenditure (local currency at current prices) according to the calendar year as a percentage of GDP.

Aggregates the following: Proportion of GDP spent on government R&D, data weight of 25%. Proportion of GDP spent on higher education R&D, data weight of 25%. Number of researchers per 1 million people, data weight of 50%.

The proportion of births attended by trained and/or skilled health personnel.

Estimated prevalence of stunting in children under 5 (%).

Modeled data on unmet need for family planning is defined as the percentage of women of reproductive age, either married or in a union, who have an unmet need for family planning (any modern method).

The estimated percentage of children aged 12–23 months who received three doses of the combined diphtheria, tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine time before the survey.

Number of medical doctors (physicians), both generalists and specialists, expressed per 10,000 people.

Arithmetic mean of two measures: 1) The percentage of the population with access to electricity 2) Executive opinion survey responses to the question: “In your country, how would you assess the reliability of the electricity supply?”

The percentage of people using at least basic sanitation services, that is, improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households.

Arithmetic mean of two measures: 1) Percentage of households with internet access 2) Fixed broadband download speed in Mbps.

The average of two measures: the natural log of rail lines per square kilometer (millions) per capita (millions) and the natural log of roadways per square kilometer per capita.

Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services.

The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) is a composite index combining 25 indicators into one benchmark for the laws, institutions, and competence.5

Prison population rate per 100,000 of the national population. Population sourced from the WorldBank.

Intentional homicides per 100,000 people.

The Security Apparatus is a component of the Fragile State Index, which considers the security threats to a state such as bombings, attacks/battle-related deaths, rebel movements, mutinies, coups, or terrorism. It is an index scored between 0 and 10.

Proportion of 9 core UN conventions (ICERD, ICCPR, ICESCR, CEDAW, CAT, CRC, ICMW, CPED, & CRPD) and 3 optional UN protocols (OP-CRC-AC, OP-CRC-SC, & ICCPR-OP2) that have been ratified, acquired, or succeeded.

Electoral Democracy Index seeks to embody the core values that make rulers responsive to citizens through elections and freedom of expression.

Weighted average of proportion of women in parliament from IPU and 3 indices from World Bank Women, Business and Law Index (WB-WBL): 1) Percentage of women in the national parliament. [Weight 0.4] 2) Mobility: Women have equal access to passports, foreign travel, domestic travel, and housing (4 Q’s, each worth 0.25 for yes, 0 for no). [Weight: 0.2] 3) Marriage: Women protected by law from domestic violence and subservience; have equal access to divorce and remarriage. (5Qs, worth 0.2 for yes, 0 for no). [Weight: 0.2] 4) Assets, Pensions: Women have equal access to credit, inheritance, pensions, and retirement. Combines two measurements made up of 7 questions.3 [Weight: 0.2]

Perceptions of the quality of public services, quality of the civil service and its independence from political pressures, quality of policies and implementation, and credibility of the government's commitment to policies. Measured from -2.5 to 2.5.

Rule of Law Index measures extent to which laws are transparently, independently, predictably, impartially, equally enforced, and extent to which the actions of government officials comply with the law. Measured from low to high (0-1).